Authoritative Parenting Style Research Articles

The Impact of Parental Solid Self, Treatment Involvement, Stress, and Parenting Styles on Children’s Mental Health Symptom Severity

AbstractWith the increasing rate of mental health disorders among youth in the United States (U.S.) and the essential role of parents in children’s development, many studies have investigated the relationship between parental factors and children’s mental health. The current study expanded on this research by exploring the impact of parent solid self (i.e., one subcategory of differentiation of self), parenting stress, parenting styles, and parent involvement in treatment on children’s mental health symptom severity. The sample included 216 parents (U.S. residents; Mage = 33.84, SDage = 5.384) with at least one youth aged 3–17 years actively or historically in mental health treatment. Participants completed an online survey that included a demographic questionnaire and measures of parenting styles, parental solid self, parental stress, and children’s symptom severity. A simple linear regression found that parental solid self and stress levels were associated with the severity of children’s symptoms. A two-way ANOVA revealed that parenting styles had a significant main effect on children’s symptom severity. Results also showed that the level of authoritative parenting style mediated the relationship between parental solid self and children’s symptom severity. This study further highlighted the importance of promoting individual therapy or psychoeducation for parents and how it might benefit children’s treatment. Future research may consider children’s perspectives, how parents engage with their child’s treatment, incorporating more expansive assessment methods, and longitudinal designs to further explore the impact of parents’ differentiation of self, parental stress, parenting styles, and parental involvement in treatment on children’s symptom severity.

THE IMPACT OF PARENTING PATTERNS ON SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT

Parents in a family have a big responsibility in raising their children. An important part of building character is being a good parent. You can shape a person's character by teaching him values. Children learn religious and social values ​​from the way their parents treat them. This goal can be achieved if parents use the right parenting style. This is because the parenting style experienced by children will affect their social and mental growth. Therefore, parents need to learn more about how children develop social and emotional skills so that these skills develop well and can be accepted by society. The purpose of this study is to describe how parents help their children learn social and mental skills. The type of research carried out was qualitative research. This study was attended by all parents who had children aged between 9 and 12 years. The research was conducted in Bangsalsari, Jember, East Java, Indonesia. Observations and conversations are used to collect data. The triangulation method and Milles and Huberman theory can be used to check the validity of the data. Research findings show that parents have formed a democratic pattern towards their children by listening to and supporting their ideas. Authoritarian and loose parenting styles are not widely applied by parents who have their own children.

Parenting Style and Resilience among Homosexual in Indonesia

This study aims to determine the relationship of parenting styles and resilience in homosexuals (gay) in Indonesia. The research method used is quantitative with correlational design. A total of 454 homosexuals (gay) in Indonesia are used as participants using incidental sampling techniques. The measurement of this study used the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) scale with fathers’ authoritarian parenting style (α = .868), fathers’ authoritative parenting style (α = .766), fathers’ permissive parenting style (α = .768), mothers’ authoritarian parenting style (α = .868), mothers’ authoritative parenting style (α = .843), mothers’ permissive parenting style (α = .746), and the Resilience Quotient Scale (RQ) (α = .873). Data analysis was conducted using Karl Pearson's product-moment correlation test. The results of this study indicated that there is no relationship between fathers’ authoritarian parenting style and resilience (r = .065 and sig. = .084). Likewise, for the fathers’ authoritative parenting style, it showed no relationship with resilience (r = .003 and the sig. = .472). Similarly, there was no significant relationship found between fathers’ permissive parenting style and resilience (r = -.034 and sig. = .235). The results also revealed that there is no relationship between mothers’ authoritarian parenting style and resilience (r = .008) and sig. = .435). Likewise, no significant relationship was found between mothers’ authoritative parenting style and resilience (r = .005 and sig. = .457). Furthermore, the study found no relationship between mothers’ permissive parenting style and resilience (r = .015 and sig. = .379).

Parental Reports of Children’s Dental Pain Experience and Associated Factors among Brazilian Children

Exploring children’s dental pain experiences helps to develop healthcare policies for improving oral health and quality of life. A cross-sectional study involved 300 parents/caregivers of four- to seven-year-old children using snowball sampling. Parents/caregivers self-completed an online questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics, parenting styles, their child’s oral hygiene practices, free sugar consumption, and dental history. The questionnaire was created using Google Forms and was disseminated to parents/caregivers via E-mail and/or WhatsApp©. Descriptive and Poisson regression analyses were performed (p < 0.05). Children’s dental pain experience was reported by 20.3% of the parents. The authoritative parenting style was predominant. The child’s mean age at the first consumption of sugar was 1.38 (±0.64) years, and 40.3% of the children had high-free sugar consumption. The mean age for the first dental appointment was 2.26 (±1.31) years, and 24.3% of the children never went to a dental appointment. The prevalence of dental pain experience was higher in children who attended their first dental appointment later (PR: 1.02; CI 95%: 1.01–1.03) and among those with high-free sugar consumption (PR: 1.90; CI 95%: 1.21–3.00). High sugar consumption and delay in the first dental appointment may increase the likelihood that children will experience dental pain.

A randomized controlled trial examining general parenting training and family-based behavioral treatment for childhood obesity: The ReFRESH study design

Family-based behavioral treatment (FBT) is one of the most effective treatments for childhood obesity. These programs include behavior change strategies and basic parenting training to help parents make healthy diet and physical activity changes for their children. While effective, not all families respond to this program. Additional training on how to effectively deliver these behavior change strategies may improve outcomes. The authoritative parenting style is associated with many positive academic and socio-emotional outcomes in children, and is characterized by displays of warmth and support while also being consistent with setting limits and boundaries. This parenting style has also been associated with normal weight status. Furthermore, parenting training programs that promote this parenting style for children with behavioral issues have shown unintended effects on decreasing child weight status. Therefore, our goal was to examine the effect of adding more intensive parenting training to FBT on child weight status. We randomized 140 children and their parent to either FBT or FBT + Parenting Training (FBT + PT). Assessments were conducted at baseline, mid-treatment (month 3), post-treatment (month 6), 6-month follow-up (month 12), and 12-month follow-up (month 18). Primary outcome was change in child weight status. Secondary outcomes were rates of drop-out, treatment adherence, and acceptability. If effective, this program may provide another alternative for families to help improve outcomes in childhood obesity management.

Nurturing Tomorrow's Minds: The Impact of Family Education on Holistic Child Development

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of family education on child development, focusing on parenting styles, educational activities at home, the role of technology, and the emotional climate within the family. Through an exploration of authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian parenting styles, this paper examines their distinct effects on cognitive development, emotional growth, and social adaptation. Additionally, this paper delves into the significance of literacy development activities, mathematical reasoning games, and nature exploration in fostering children's cognitive and socio-emotional skills. Furthermore, this paper discusses the implications of digital technology and social media on children's cognitive and emotional development, emphasizing the importance of digital literacy and safe internet use. Moreover, this paper investigates how family harmony, stress management, and parental support contribute to children's emotional security and self-esteem. This paper concludes with insights into the critical role of family education in shaping children's holistic development and underscores the need for informed, intentional parenting practices to nurture resilient, confident, and emotionally healthy individuals.

The Relationship between Parenting Pattern of Parents who Work Outside the Home to the Oral Hygiene of Preschool Children in Bobbin Area of Jember

Objective: To examine the overview and relationship of parenting styles of working parents on the oral hygiene of preschool children in the Bobbin Area of Jember. Metode: Parenting styles applied by each parent vary depending on their perspective. Various parenting styles applied by parents to their children include democratic or authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved parenting styles. One form of parental concern for their child is maintaining oral hygiene. Preschool children are one of the most vulnerable groups to dental and oral health problems. This study is an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional approach and using purposive sampling technique. The study used 79 respondents who filled out a questionnaire. Results: The average parenting style applied by parents is authoritative and the status of oral hygiene of preschool children is fair. Conclusion: There is a difference in the value of the Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) of children in each application of parenting styles by parents, and there is a relationship between the parenting styles of working parents and the oral hygiene of preschool children in the Bobbin Area of Jember.

Parenting style and child mental health at preschool age: evidence from rural China

BackgroundMental health problems among children at preschool age are a common issue across the world. As shown in literature, a caregiver’s parenting style can play a critical role in child development. This study aims to examine the associations between a caregiver’s parenting style and the mental health problems (or not) of their child when he/she is at preschool age in rural China.MethodsParticipants were children, aged 49 to 65 months, and their primary caregivers. The primary caregivers of the sample children completed the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire, Short Version, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and a questionnaire that elicited their socio-demographic characteristics. The level of cognitive development of each sample child was assessed using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Fourth Edition. Pearson correlation analysis, linear regression analysis, and multivariable regression analysis were used to analyze the data.ResultsThe prevalence of mental health problems among sample children at preschool age was high (31.6%). If a caregiver practices an authoritative parenting style, it was found to be negatively associated with the mental health problems of their child. In contrast, a caregiver’s authoritarian parenting style was positively associated with the mental health problems of their child. Compared to those in a subgroup of primary caregivers that used a combination of low authoritative and low authoritarian parenting style, primary caregivers that used a combination of high authoritarian and low authoritative or a combination of high authoritative and high authoritarian were found to have positive association with child health problems. A number of demographic characteristics were found to be associated with the adoption of different parenting styles.ConclusionDifferent parenting styles (including authoritative, authoritarian, and combination of authoritative and authoritarian) of the sample caregivers had different associations with the mental health problems of the sample children. Parenting programs that aim to improve the parenting styles (favoring authoritative parenting styles) should be promoted in an effort to improve the status of child mental health in rural China.

The Sibling Effect on Theory of Mind Among Chinese Preschoolers: Considering the Role of Parenting Style and Peer Interaction

ABSTRACT Research Findings: This study extends the understanding of the sibling effect on children’s theory of mind (ToM) among Chinese preschoolers by adopting an ecological perspective. The participants were 225 Chinese preschoolers, comprising 100 children with siblings (M age = 4.54 years, SD = 1.11, 55 boys) and 125 children without siblings (M age = 4.52 years, SD = 0.99, 60 boys). We assessed children’s ToM through a child measurement task, and peer interaction time on the weekend and parenting style (i.e. authoritarian and authoritative parenting style) through parent reports. This study revealed that the role of siblings in children’s development of ToM did not have a main effect among Chinese preschoolers, regardless of their birth order or siblings’ ages. However, when considering the influence of parents and peers in addition to siblings, the sibling effect is only noticeable for children with low interaction levels with their peers. Practice or Policy: In conclusion, this study demonstrates that in China, child-aged siblings positively influence the ToM development in children who have limited interactions with peers. These findings underscore the value of siblings as a developmental resource and offer parents critical insights into fostering ToM, especially under the two-child policy.

Obedience and Authoritarian Parenting Style in China

Obedience and Authoritarian Parenting Style in China

Parenting style and young children's executive function mediate the relationship between parenting stress and parenting quality in two-child families

This study explored the relationship between parenting stress, parenting style, parenting quality, and young children's executive function. In total, 243 firstborns aged 2–9 years old (SD = 3.82) and their parents from two-child families in Beijing participated in the study, which used executive function tasks and parenting questionnaires. The results found that (1) parenting stress negatively predicted parenting quality; (2) parenting style partially mediated the relationship between parenting stress and parenting quality; (3) children's executive function partially mediated the relationship between parenting stress and parenting quality; and (4) the spoiled, democratic, permissive, and authoritarian parenting styles each play a chain mediating role with young children's executive function between parenting stress and parenting quality. Taken together, these findings provide implications for scientific parenting of children with different psychological characteristics (such as executive function) in multiple-child families under Parenting stress.

Parenting Styles in Emerging Adulthood

Parents/caregivers remain important in the lives of emerging adults in the modern era and understanding the ways in which parents of emerging adults balance responsiveness, demandingness, and autonomy support can help inform evidence-based recommendations around developmentally appropriate protective parenting. The present study identified four “parenting styles” in emerging adulthood in a sample of 680 4-year university and community college students (M = 19.0, ranging from 18 to 25; 70.7% female, 22.6% male) who reported on their primary parent/caregiver’s parenting behaviors. These parenting styles largely overlapped with traditional conceptualizations of parenting styles (two authoritarian profiles, a potentially indulgent profile, and a profile characterized by the average levels of all parenting behaviors measured, which may reflect the modern authoritative parenting style of emerging adults). No hypothesized overparenting profile emerged. The potentially indulgent profile saw the lowest levels of depression, mood, and anxiety symptoms, whereas the potentially indulgent and authoritative profiles saw the most positive wellbeing outcomes. The findings underscore the way in which responsiveness and autonomy support in emerging adulthood appear developmentally appropriate and adaptive, and how helicopter parenting does not appear to be as important as other aspects of parent–emerging adult relationships.

Parenting Styles and Rejection Sensitivity: A Gen Z Perspective

This study examines the interplay between parenting styles, rejection sensitivity and gender differences among Generation Z individuals aged 18 to 25 years. Using descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, Mann Whitney U tests and regression analysis the research explores these relationships. Results indicate significant correlations between parenting styles and rejection sensitivity, with authoritative parenting negatively associated and authoritarian parenting positively correlated. Gender differences emerge, with females exhibiting higher levels of authoritative, permissive and authoritarian parenting styles yet males demonstrating greater rejection sensitivity scores. Regression analysis confirms the predictive role of authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles on rejection sensitivity. These findings highlight the influence of parental behavior on rejection sensitivity and underscore gender disparities in parenting practices and psychological outcomes. Implications for parenting interventions, mental health promotion and educational strategies are discussed alongside recommendation for future research to deepen.

Parental Upbringing, Nutritional Status, and Physical Activity in Preschoolers

Introduction: In Mexico the prevalence of childhood obesity has experienced an alarming increase; it was reported that 9.7% of children under 5 years of age were suffering from overweight or obesity. This situation was exacerbated in the northern region of the country with a prevalence of 13.2%. Within this context, Parenting Style has been identified as a determinant factor in children's eating behavior, directly influencing their Body Mass Index. Aim: To understand the relationship between Parenting Styles (General and by type of Parenting Style), Body Mass Index, and Physical Activity of preschoolers. Methodology: A cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational study involved 664 individuals, comprising 332 mother/child dyads, aged between 3 and 5 years. Variables were measured using the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) and the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Parents of Preschool Children, with descriptive and correlational statistics being conducted. Results: A positive and significant correlation was found between the Democratic Parenteral Parenting Style with the minutes that preschoolers dedicated to performing mild physical activities (rs = .136, p<0.05) and moderate physical activities (rs = .172, p<0.01). ). Permissive and authoritarian parenting styles did not show significant relationships with minutes of physical activity. Discussion: Despite the lack of correlation between the general Parenting Style and BMI, this finding underscores the complexity of factors shaping children's physical activity, suggesting the need for multifaceted strategies that include parental education, improvements in infrastructure, and public policies to promote a healthy lifestyle among children.

Psychological Well-Being Among Adolescents: The Role of Parenting Styles, Causal Attributions of Academic Success/Failure, and Perceived School Performance

We investigated the effects of perceived parenting styles, causal attributions for academic success/failure, and perceived school performance (PSP) on adolescents’ psychological well-being (PWB). Participants were 200 Brazilian adolescents who answered the Parenting Styles & Dimensions Questionnaire, the Psychological Well-Being Scale, and the Rating Scale of Causal Attributions for Academic Success/Failure (RSCA). The results showed that adolescents’ PWB was predicted by authoritative parenting style (APS), internal and controllable attributions (appropriate motivations to cope with academic success/failure; ICASF), and PSP. In addition, we tested a mediation model showing that the ICASF mediated the relationship between APS and PSP, which in turn led to better PWB. These results highlighted the relevance of parenting styles and school-based causal attributions for the understanding of adolescents’ mental health. Our findings can support interventions that enable more effective teaching–learning processes, which are associated with higher levels of mental health for the adolescent population.

Factors associated with informal and formal help-seeking among Asian adolescents with nonsuicidal self-injury.

Although nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is prevalent among adolescents and is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes, many adolescents with NSSI do not seek help. However, there is a lack of research on the factors that may increase the likelihood of help-seeking, especially within Asia. To address this gap, the present study examined whether certain factors were associated with informal and formal help-seeking - specifically gender, severity of NSSI, functions of NSSI and authoritative parenting. 121 adolescents (Mage = 16.2years, 71.1% female) were recruited from specialist outpatient clinics and inpatient psychiatric wards from a public hospital in Singapore. One caregiver per adolescent was also recruited. Data from self-report questionnaires were analysed using logistics regression analyses. The results suggest that the severity of NSSI increases the likelihood of informal help-seeking, while adolescents who have parents with more authoritative parenting style are less likely to seek informal help. Gender and functions of NSSI were not found to be associated with help-seeking. The findings from this study can guide professionals in their efforts to encourage help-seeking within Asian populations, as well as inform prevention and treatment programs for Asian adolescents with NSSI.

Interrelatedness of Family and Parenting Risk Factors for Juvenile Delinquency: A Network Study in U.S. and Dutch Juveniles.

Family interventions that address a diversity of family and parenting factors are often used to prevent juvenile delinquency, but are effective to only a limited extent. This study applied a network approach to risk factors for juvenile delinquency and examined the interrelatedness of specifically family and parenting risk factors in a U.S. and separate Dutch sample of juveniles and their family members. Differences in interrelatedness between these samples were examined as well. Secondary analyses were conducted on data collected in the United States with the Washington State Juvenile Court Assessment (WSJCA) and on data collected in the Netherlands with a Dutch-adapted translation of the WSJCA. Network analyses were performed, separately for the U.S. (N = 13,613) and Dutch (N = 3,630) sample, on seven risk factors that were assessed with a three-point Likert scale ranging from each factor's protective side to a corresponding risk side. In the U.S. sample network, "inadequate parental punishment" and "lack of parental supervision" that both refer to an authoritarian parenting style were the most "central" factors and had the strongest associations with the other risk factors. In the Dutch sample network, "the family not providing opportunities" and "inadequate parental reward" were the most "central" factors, which refer to an authoritative parenting style. The family and parenting factors identified as most central in the networks may be promising to address in family interventions, as it can be expected that both the directly addressed problems and their correlated problems will improve. The current results may inform attempts to strengthen family interventions for juvenile delinquency in the United States and the Netherlands.

Perceived Parenting Styles in Relation with Coping Strategies among the Children of Single Parents in Pakistan

Background: The dynamics within single-parent families, particularly the influence of parenting styles on the coping strategies of children, have garnered significant attention in psychological research. The intricate relationship between a parent's approach to raising their child and the child's subsequent development of coping mechanisms to navigate life's challenges is pivotal to understanding the psychosocial well-being of children in single-parent families. Objective: This study aimed to elucidate the correlations between different parenting styles—permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative—and the coping strategies adopted by children of single parents. Additionally, it sought to identify which parenting styles significantly predict the coping strategies utilized by these children. Methods: A correlational and comparative study design was employed, involving 153 adolescents aged 13 to 19 from single-parent families in Faisalabad and Sargodha, Pakistan. The Coping Response Inventory (CRI) and Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) were utilized to measure coping strategies and parenting styles, respectively. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson’s moment correlation, regression analysis, and Independent Samples T-Test to examine the relationships between parenting styles and coping strategies and to assess gender differences. Results: The findings indicated a significant positive correlation between permissive and authoritarian parenting styles (r ranging from .439 to .787, p < .01). Regression analysis revealed that logical analysis, positive reappraisal, and problem-solving were significant predictors of coping strategies (p < .001). Gender-based analysis showed females scored significantly higher in positive reappraisal, seeking guidance/support, acceptance/resignation, and emotional discharge coping strategies compared to males (p < .005). No significant gender differences were found in parenting styles. Conclusion: The study highlights the significant impact of permissive and authoritarian parenting styles on the development of coping strategies among children of single parents. Tailored interventions supporting single parents in adopting more adaptive parenting styles could foster better coping mechanisms in their children, enhancing their psychosocial well-being.

Association between Parenting Style and Language Development in Children

Parenting style plays important role in the development of the children from birth to five years of age including language development as well.  Hence, parents can play important role in the development of their children because their quality of time matters. Objective: To determine the association between parenting style and language development and to identify the type of parenting style mostly use by the parents. Methods: This cross-sectional study, with a sample of n=384 parents, was conducted at Riphah International University, Islamabad from 1st August, 2022 to 31st January, 2023. Parents of typical children of both genders, aged birth to 36 months were included. Basic demographical sheet, Parenting style questionnaire and Receptive Expressive Emergent Language (REEL)3rd edition were used for data collection. SPSS version 21.0 was used for data analysis. Point-Biserial Correlation was used to determine correlation between the parenting style and language development and p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Results indicate significant (p<0.001) relationship between parenting style and language development of children. The correlation of parenting style was low with receptive language but high with expressive language. The results also indicate that parents used different parenting styles with majority 225(58.6%) using authoritative parenting style and least 12(3.1%) used permissive parenting style. Conclusions: Study concludes that parenting styles have great impact on language development of children. Different types of parenting style are being used among which authoritative parenting style is the most and permissive being the least common.  

Characteristics of Adolescents and Parenting Style of Bullying Behavior

Background: Bullying occurs more frequently which is detrimental to adolescent development.
  
 Aim: Examining the relationship between demo data, parental interactions, and parenting practices as potential contributors to adolescent bullying behavior.
  
 Methods: A cross-sectional study methodology was used. The research population is teenagers who attend junior and senior high schools in Surabaya. Based on re-sampling for research, the research sample consisted of 1855 teenagers. One month duration. bullying behavior is the dependent variable, while demographic traits, parental interactions, and parenting philosophy are the independent variables. Teenagers completed the questionnaire using the Google form and questionnaire sheet, which is the method used to collect data. The chi-square test for adolescent  traits  and  Spearman's  rank  correlation  of =  0.05  were  used  in  the statistical analysis.
  
 Results: Bullying behavior was found to be correlated with adolescent characteristics, especially age (P=0.003). Only  permissive parenting style had a positive correlation  (p=0.036,  r=0.094)  with  intimidation,  while  authoritarian  and  permissive parenting styles had a negative correlation (p=0.000, r=0.131) with intimidation.
  
 Conclusion: Teenagers are involved in bullying behavior, both as victims and perpetrators. Be young. There is a high probability that parenting philosophies that are too strict or too permissive will result in bullying behavior. To reduce the possibility of bullying among adolescents, parents are expected to apply authoritative parenting.